The principal technologies used for brand protection are tamper-evident closures/seals, authentication devices, track-and-trace systems, and anti-theft devices. Tamper-evident closures and seals consist of film wrap, shrink wrap, stretch sleeves, blister packs, perforated labels and seals, tear-tapes, and super-strong adhesives and frangible films. Authentication devices include holograms, security inks, security threads and fibers, watermarks, and micro-printing. Track-and-trace systems incorporate linear and 2D bar codes, Datamatrix, sequential numbering, algorithmic codes, and encrypted data, while anti-theft devices include electronic article surveillance (EAS) tags, acoustic magnetic labels, radio frequency (RF) labels, and chip-based and ink-based RFID.